A 23-year-old man with a history of chronic alcohol use presents to the emergency department with hematemesis. He reports multiple prior similar episodes. He is treated with ondansetron but continues to vomit. After another forceful episode of vomiting, he develops sudden-onset severe substernal chest pain and difficulty swallowing. Temperature is 37.2°C (99°F), blood pressure is 117/60 mm Hg, pulse is 122/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. On examination, he appears uncomfortable, and there is palpable subcutaneous emphysema in the neck and supraclavicular regions. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Correct answer · A
Esophageal rupture
Decoding the stem
Step-by-step reasoning
- 1
Chronic alcohol use predisposes to episodes of heavy drinking and forceful vomiting → mechanical stress on the esophagus.
- 2
Patient has ongoing, forceful emesis despite antiemetic therapy, culminating in a particularly strong vomiting episode.
- 3
Immediately afterward, he develops sudden severe substernal chest pain and dysphagia, which suggests an acute structural injury to the esophagus rather than simple mucosal irritation.
- 4
Presence of subcutaneous emphysema in the neck/supraclavicular areas implies air has escaped from the aerodigestive tract into the mediastinum and soft tissues.
- 5
Forceful vomiting + sudden chest pain + dysphagia + subcutaneous emphysema is classic for Boerhaave syndrome → full-thickness esophageal rupture.
- 6
Therefore, the most likely diagnosis is esophageal rupture rather than mucosal tear (Mallory-Weiss) or isolated pulmonary pathology.
Why not the others?
B. Esophageal varices
This option implies portal hypertension-related venous dilation causing hematemesis, BUT varices cause bleeding without perforation—they do not produce subcutaneous emphysema or severe chest pain after a single retching episode.
C. Mallory Weiss syndrome
This option implies a mucosal tear at the gastroesophageal junction causing hematemesis, BUT Mallory-Weiss tears are partial-thickness and do not cause mediastinal air or subcutaneous emphysema with severe chest pain.
D. Spontaneous pneumothorax
This option implies air in the pleural space from ruptured bleb, usually in tall thin young males, causing sudden pleuritic chest pain and dyspnea, BUT it is not typically preceded by severe vomiting and does not explain esophageal symptoms or hematemesis.
E. Tension pneumothorax
This option implies progressive intrapleural pressure with tracheal deviation, hypotension, and severe respiratory distress, BUT this patient has normal oxygen saturation, no respiratory compromise, and clear esophageal symptom linkage to vomiting.
Exam trap
Vomiting plus hematemesis in an alcoholic tempts selection of Mallory-Weiss or varices. However, the key discriminator is subcutaneous emphysema and acute chest pain, which point to full-thickness esophageal rupture (Boerhaave), not just bleeding.
The bottom line
Boerhaave syndrome (esophageal rupture) from forceful vomiting → severe chest pain + dysphagia + subcutaneous emphysema/mediastinal air.